An Analysis of Buoyancy-Driven Heat Behaviour and Flow Pattern of a Water-Copper Nanofluid in a Cylindrical Conduit

The flow of fluids and heat characteristics through free convection within an enclosed space has gained substantial study due to the various applications in manufacturing industries. This work examined influence buoyancy factors on normal a heated tube filled with Copper (Cu) nanofluid. method finite difference was employed characterize regulating fluid formulae, C++ programming language evaluate Navier Stoke continuity fields. Cu nanoparticles particle sizes ranging from 1% 10% values between 2.6 x 103 2.8 N. nanofluid used as working findings are presented temperature gradient, Nusselt number, stream function, vorticity curves. revealed that increase weight proportions 0.04 amplifies parameters highest value 2.75 N; it yields enhancement transport rate by convection. Also, factor increases, vorticity, function improve, while local drag coefficient decreases. advances understanding buoyancy-driven convective behavior technical design floating vessels for safety effectiveness.